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Schematic Bose–Einstein condensation versus temperature of the energy diagramA Bose–Einstein condensate ( BEC) is a (sometimes called the fifth state of matter) which is typically formed when a of at low densities is cooled to very close to (-273.15 °C). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest, at which point microscopic quantum phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent. A BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density, about one-hundred-thousandth (1/100,000) the density of, to ultra-low temperatures.This state was first predicted, generally, in 1924–1925 by following a paper written by, although Bose came up with the pioneering paper on the new statistics. Main article:Bose–Einstein condensation also applies to in solids., and have integer spin which means they are that can form condensates.Magnons, electron spin waves, can be controlled by a magnetic field.
Densities from the limit of a dilute gas to a strongly interacting Bose liquid are possible. Magnetic ordering is the analog of superfluidity. In 1999 condensation was demonstrated in antiferromagnetic3, at temperatures as great as 14 K. The high transition temperature (relative to atomic gases) is due to the magnons' small mass (near that of an electron) and greater achievable density. In 2006, condensation in a yttrium-iron-garnet thin film was seen even at room temperature, with optical pumping., electron-hole pairs, were predicted to condense at low temperature and high density by Boer et al., in 1961.
Bilayer system experiments first demonstrated condensation in 2003, by Hall voltage disappearance. Fast optical exciton creation was used to form condensates in sub-kelvin Cu2O in 2005 on.was first detected for in a quantum well microcavity kept at 5 K.
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Peculiar properties Vortices. How do we rigorously prove the existence of Bose–Einstein condensates for general interacting systems?Compared to more commonly encountered states of matter, Bose–Einstein condensates are extremely fragile. The slightest interaction with the external environment can be enough to warm them past the condensation threshold, eliminating their interesting properties and forming a normal gas. Nevertheless, they have proven useful in exploring a wide range of questions in fundamental physics, and the years since the initial discoveries by the JILA and MIT groups have seen an increase in experimental and theoretical activity.
Examples include experiments that have demonstrated between condensates due to, the study of and quantized, the creation of bright matter wave from Bose condensates confined to one dimension, and the pulses to very low speeds using. Vortices in Bose–Einstein condensates are also currently the subject of research, studying the possibility of modeling and their related phenomena in such environments in the laboratory. Experimenters have also realized ', where the interference pattern from overlapping lasers provides a. These have been used to explore the transition between a superfluid and a, and may be useful in studying Bose–Einstein condensation in fewer than three dimensions, for example the. Further, the sensitivity of the pinning transition of strongly interacting bosons confined in a shallow one-dimensional optical lattice originally observed by Haller has been explored via a tweaking of the primary optical lattice by a secondary weaker one.
Einstein Vs Quantum Physics
Bell Vs Einstein
Thus for a resulting weak bichromatic optical lattice, it has been found that the pinning transition is robust against theintroduction of the weaker secondary optical lattice. Studies of vortices in nonuniform Bose–Einstein condensates as well as excitatons of these systems by the application of moving repulsive or attractive obstacles, have also been undertaken. Within this context, the conditions for order and chaos in the dynamics of a trapped Bose–Einstein condensate have been explored by the application of moving blue and red-detuned laser beams via the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation.Bose–Einstein condensates composed of a wide range of have been produced.Cooling to extremely low temperatures has created gases, subject to the. To exhibit Bose–Einstein condensation, the fermions must 'pair up' to form bosonic compound particles (e.g. The first condensates were created in November 2003 by the groups of at the, at the and at. Jin quickly went on to create the first, working with the same system but outside the molecular regime.In 1999, Danish physicist led a team from which to about 17 meters per second using a superfluid.
Hau and her associates have since made a group of condensate atoms recoil from a light pulse such that they recorded the light's phase and amplitude, recovered by a second nearby condensate, in what they term 'slow-light-mediated atomic matter-wave amplification' using Bose–Einstein condensates: details are discussed in.Another current research interest is the creation of Bose–Einstein condensates in microgravity in order to use its properties for high precision. The first demonstration of a BEC in weightlessness was achieved in 2008 at a in Bremen, Germany by a consortium of researchers led by from. The same team demonstrated in 2017 the first creation of a Bose–Einstein condensate in space and it is also the subject of two upcoming experiments on the.Researchers in the new field of use the properties of Bose–Einstein condensates when manipulating groups of identical cold atoms using lasers.In 1970, BECs were proposed by for anti. Dark matter P. Sikivie and Q. Yang showed that form a Bose–Einstein condensate by because of gravitational self-interactions.
Heisenberg Vs Einstein
Axions have not yet been confirmed to exist. However the important search for them has been greatly enhanced with the completion of upgrades to the (ADMX) at the University of Washington in early 2018.Isotopes.